Martin. Luther. Gold and the U.S. civil rights movement of the Enlightenment
Zhang Zuhua
January 16 this year, Americans held many activities to commemorate the assassination of civil rights leader Martin. Luther. King (1986, 1 per year the U.S. government provides the first three months on Monday as a statutory Martin. Luther. King anniversary. In this way, Martin. Luther. King to become the first president of the United States after Washington, the national holiday to commemorate the second person.) This day is also known as the mother of the civil rights movement after the death of the first Parks a Martin. Luther. King Day. commemoration held in Washington, President Bush urged Americans to remember the civil rights movement leaders struggle to achieve the gold 38 years ago whom lost their lives dreams.
Feb. 8, about 1 million people participated in the vicinity of the Atlanta civil rights activist Ke Lita United States. Scott. King's funeral. Ms. Jin is the American civil rights leader Martin. Luther. King's widow. In 1968 gold years after the assassination, Mrs continue to promote his efforts. Mrs King had passed away a few days, at the age of 78 years. U.S. President George W. Bush and former President Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter and George HW Bush, a number of senators and House of Representatives and the famous attended the funeral of civil rights leader.
American Civil Rights Movement, also known as profoundly changed the picture of the social life of the United States and American ideas, which the United States truly compatible with freedom and equality, a great country. And all of this with a great man mm Martin. Luther. King inseparable open.
Martin. Luther. King on January 15, 1929 was born in Atlanta, Georgia, a black family pastor. the young King from his mother learned how to love, compassion and understanding for others; from his father learned is that bold, strong, candid and frank. young minds in the early germination of the seeds of racial hatred and .15 at the age of strong, intelligent and eager to learn the golden honors two grades, graduate from high school into the molar Academy House, to become president of the top students, Dr. Metz. In education, Dr. Metz, the gold brute force thought to be raised to the theoretical level.
when the United States coincided with the peak of post-war economic development period, the powerful political and military strength to make it get the the atrocities of killing and persecution of blacks frequently. According to statistics, since June 1945 mm1951 on June the 6 years, there are 79 blacks killed by the police, and 65 blacks killed by white racists. the face of ugly, cold reality, only 17 year-old Kim discovered her real value is obtained Bachelor of Theology; later entered Boston University to study religion and the teachings of theology, obtained his PhD theology. college, he worked tirelessly enjoy swimming in the ocean of human knowledge. He studied with great concentration of Marx's socialism, communism, Lenin doctrine, the French philosopher Lenu Vieira's personalism, the Irish philosopher Berkeley's moral idealism. He read Plato, Rousseau and others works, study hard over Nietzsche's are created equal. both men and women, black and white, children and the wise old fool, and regardless of people's preferences, qualifications and property are the same, all human beings, is capable of thinking, a member of the human family should be respected. Gold advocated impartial love, universal love, love all people, even to love our enemies. and make Dr. King's civil rights training to become a leader.
1955 年 12 1 May, a 42-year-old black woman Rosa. Parks Montgomery bus company take the car, refused to seat to a white man, by the police for ; the call, under the leadership of nearly 50,000 black bus boycott launched a massive campaign. boycott lasted exactly one car in motion, so that car company suffered heavy losses, it is difficult to maintain. the U.S. Supreme Court had in 1956 Judgement on November 13 seats on the abolition of the local transport isolation system, declared that
Since then, black for complete racial equality and civil rights struggle surging, sweeping the country. But in the beginning, it is led by a variety of different organizations, using the strategies are different. In order to unify operations, effectively advancing the civil rights movement continue , January 1957, 60 black pastors in Atlanta formed the but also because the prestige of gold high, enabling the different factions and different ideas of black liberation organizations allegiance to their flag. Since then, the cohesion of his body stronger. for justice and peace, and he nervously to and from Southern , North major cities around campaigned.
1957 年 9 months, the District Court Little Rock, Arkansas Supreme Court in 1954, according to school, but was firmly opposed to the white racist .9 2 March, Forbes, the state governor to He also condoned mob beaten black and put away eight black school. The incident shocked the world, international opinion condemning President Eisenhower ordered on the 24th more than 1,000 paratroopers rushed rushed to Little Rock to protect the black students to school, to quell public protests at home and abroad. through the struggle, forcing the local authorities in 1959 announced the abolition of apartheid in public schools.
1960 年 2 1st, Greensboro, North Carolina, four black Students shut out by a restaurant. store in 1960 and 1961, respectively, the abolition of the snack bar of the apartheid system.
1961 年 black day, seven black and six white men traveling in two bus south from Washington, announcing the purpose of this trip is to the south of apartheid on the challenge of coach. They practiced black and white mix in the car seat and use the settings for the white the waiting room and toilets. free the number of passengers increasing along, they pass through Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi and other states, they all tragic to the police, thugs and persecution, only 300 in Mississippi alone take the liberty passengers were arrested. However, civil rights are not afraid of violence, adhere to the struggle to promote the development of the civil rights movement.
1963, in order to enable people around the world concerned about the problem of racial segregation in America, the Foundation organized with other civil rights leaders launched a historic the Civil Rights Act, authorized the Federal Government to abolish apartheid in terms of public accommodation, equipment and announced in the public racial discrimination in employment illegal.
However, the Federal Court Act on one or two fundamental changes in the fate of black people is no different drop in the bucket, and with the black people against apartheid, racial equality and the struggle required extensive development, the U.S. military and police stepped up the bloody suppression of black, white racists to attack evil vicious means of hot black awakening of the events are after another. prestigious black leader Martin Hidaka. Luther. King has naturally become the main target of persecution against. FBI Director Hoover agreed with the consent of President John F. Kennedy, Martin. Luther. King stayed bugged hotel in an attempt to so that he sat all over the United States, almost all of southern prison. When the police asked him to choose between imprisonment and a fine, he did not hesitate to choose to go to jail to show his belief in brute force. One time, in order to promote written his own ; mental disorder believe that black people bare hands to fight with armed police, to the white stones and insults at the sound of progress. he wrote: movement, always make the collapse of the old order. He declared: , bustling day and night, when the arrival of a criminal conspiracy to his bloody body of .1968 on at 18:00 on April 4 about gold and several aides in the room, staying within the Lorraine Hotel 306 dinner at the same time was involved in considering The meeting will be held that evening. After dinner, went gold in thought the balcony, above the elbow supporting the railing, staring into the distance slowly fading afterglow. Suddenly, a shrill, sharp gunshots sounded, Kim immediately straight waist, hand over his neck, raised face, full of anger, and slowly fell on his back. night 7:00 5 points, the doctor announced: the large arteries of the bullets ripped, cut cord, gold Passed Changci . when he was less than 40 years of age.
King was assassinated, and not intimidated to fight for the freedom and equality of people, on the contrary aroused strong public opposition .1968 more months of 4m5, 172 cities nationwide outbreak of 200 more than the black rights struggle .1969 uprising took place in the nation's more than 500 activists from the struggle uprising.
the civil rights movement in the pressure of surging, the U.S. Congress and the Supreme Court has adopted a series of the Act and case law, such as 1957,1960,1964 and 1968 Civil Rights Act and the four in 1965 and 1970 electoral law in the development of .1964 the apartheid or lease of racial discrimination is illegal .1971 of the Supreme Court in another case, he also announced that all public secondary schools, In the federal and state and local elections voters uniform minimum age of 18 years. and the gradual abolition of the poll tax, such as voters culture test conditions. Since then, blacks in American society have gradually improved the situation of different ethnic equality and Fusion has become the mainstream of society.
Although China and the U.S. political system and historical and cultural tradition, there is a considerable difference, however, as the Chinese and American people want freedom, equality, human rights and civil rights as the universal value value. African American civil rights movement against racial discrimination can also be said from a sense of civic rights movement. and from the beginning of this century, the rise of the Chinese citizens rights movement is in full swing in the ascendant. as a developing country, China's civil rights power to open minds should be open-minded to the experience of other countries and learn from our predecessors and learn a wealth of nutrition, in order to facilitate their growth. Martin. Luther. King's thought and practice and the U.S. civil rights movement is a history full of treasures treasure deep inside you can find many things to learn and draw on the content of this paper to talk about a few from The Inspiration:
a revelation: the civil rights movement must have lofty philosophy as a guide
I make this point not to trick, but had learned from Dr. King. philosophical thinking appears to be affected thereby, but it can often influence and even determine the direction of social movements, state, methods and results.
said Martin. Luther. King Philosophy the essence of thinking, it was summarized that unfamiliar, I simplified to Seoul House Men's College school, studying the text to the name of Henry David Thoreau ; the various arguments.
uprising in the black movement, he has repeatedly reminded us, achieve our rightful place in the process, we simply can not take any wrong action. We can not want freedom, and went to drink the wine of anger and hatred. We must always to a high level of integrity and self-discipline to carry out our struggle. We must not allow our creative demonstrations degenerated into violence. We must once again rise to the spiritual strength to deal with the lofty realm of physical violence. supporting the boycott in Montgomery, a non-violent resistance philosophy. to make it clear in this way, the problem has always existed, because in the beginning, most people simply do not understand this. We used mass rallies to philosophy to those who never heard of this one, and often are not sympathetic to this interpretation of non-violent people. every Monday and Thursday, we held two meetings, we held a non-violence and social change on the lecture. we demonstrate, civil disobedience is not a cowardly way. it but resistance. It is not a stagnant negative, numbness complacent approach. engage in civil disobedience against the evil person, as those who engage in violent resistance made against the person, and his resistance does not contain violence. This approach not physically aggressive, but in spirit is a strong and aggressive. . ;
gold clear: Our advantage in numbers; we do not use violent means. nay, violence is not only unworkable and immoral; because I firmly believe that the pursuit of violent revenge, to get only one point in the universe strengthen the presence of evil and hatred. Lecture: . In fact, the means represent the ideal implementation, but the purpose is to represent the ideal. So in the long run, destructive means can not bring about constructive purpose, because the purpose of the means of pre-existing in the in. disobedience of unjust laws and will not succumb to the practice of injustice. We will of peace, openness, joy to do so, because our aim is to persuade. we adopt non-violent means, because our goal is peace in itself is society. We will try to convince our discourse, but has no effect if our discourse, we will try to convince our actions. We will always prefer dialogue and seek fair compromise, but we are prepared if necessary suffering, and even risked their lives to do what we have seen the truth of the witness. weapons, for his people won their independence. is . And, if there is a victory, that's not just the fifty thousand black victory. It would be a victory of justice, goodness will triumph, the victory of democratic institutions. is that there are some people who firmly believe that non-violence does not believe that a personal God; But I think that every person that civil disobedience will to some extent, I believe the universe in some form, is just one. in the universe will show them something from mm whether we call conscious process, whether we call it a constant promoter, but also whether we call it a personal God. There were certain things in the universe, the performance of justice ; in Montgomery, we feel that in a way that is, in the struggle which we have a friendship with the universe. It is also one of the factors people are united, is such a belief in the justice mm parties believe that the universe but . the center of our movement, then there is the philosophy of love. ultimately change human nature, we all thought to the establishment of the society, love is the only way to put the center of our lives. From the beginning, people often ask me, you love what does that mean, how can you tell us to love those who are bent on destroying our people, those who stand opposite us? I have been to clarify this point, is in its highest sense love is not emotional thing, not even the deep friendship and stuff. an aesthetic sense, love. it gives us, is a romantic love, it has its good fully. However, when we talk about, love those who oppose us, we are not talking about Eros. Greek It can also be called filia love, this is a human friends love each other. This is a vital and precious love. However, when we talk about, love those who oppose you, those bent on To destroy you, we are talking about Eros is not, nor is it filia. There is another Greek word, is the Aga Phi. Agha Phi but understand, but all on the creative, redemptive good will. interpretation of the love, you will start not because of other people's lovely and love them, not because of what they do to attract the things we love them, but because God loves them, and we love those who do evil though we hate them mm That act made. This is a living we are trying to promote the sport in the south center of the love mm This is the Aga Phi. to cut off the shackles of hatred and evil. To achieve this, the most great way to do that is through love. I firmly believe that the power of love but a change that can improve the whole society to fair treatment, good new area will and justice. wonderful! do not need any superfluous. gold profound philosophy, my understanding is very limited, only to facilitate understanding and memory, it will be summed up as Dr. inspiration to us first.
Revelation II: the elite and the public to respect each other and complement each other
in any form of social movements, the elite and the public are two indispensable elements. another genius the elite, if not public support, can only be short-lived role in the tragedy. initiated by the social elite social movements, if not the general public's understanding and rallied together to respond to decisions without the possibility of success. Similarly, the momentum and then a big mass movement, if not the social elite of the right to lead the organization, it is difficult to avoid becoming a One of the successful experience of the elite and the mass of mutual respect,Bailey UGG boots, mutual cooperation, solidarity, common ground, to pull together. Martin. Luther. fellowships and his comrades use every possible opportunity to go deep into the bottom of society, full of speeches, and black people exchange, dissemination of the concept of nonviolent resistance, organizing support. Washington, set free into the activities of the 50 states from all segments of the black masses, August 28, 1963, held in Washington, as many as 25 million black and white sympathizers to attend. As the full integration of the elite and the public to make up to 10 years in the U.S. civil rights movement to continue to move forward on a rational track, although occasional small-scale violence, but in general remains a deep sound, sustainable and progressive trend. even in Martin. Luther. King was assassinated after his wife and the other in gold, led by prominent civil rights leader, the U.S. civil rights movement did not lose reason and restraint, then to from start to finish, both sides win.
rise of the Chinese civil rights movement in recent years, emerged a large number of public intellectuals, lawyers and other legal workers, media workers and activists involved volunteers, most of them can be classified as knowledge elite or the elite law and politics. Meanwhile, the grassroots and the people around there are some people who rallied together to protest, but also the emergence of the elite and the grassroots people to each other with a good trend. Although subject to severe pressure from the road ahead will not be smooth, but the cause of justice will eventually cause enjoys abundant support, overcome obstacles, over the whitewater rapids, U.S. civil rights movement is another important characteristic, that is very focused attention by means of the people to advance the cause of human rights cases. For example, Mrs. Parks mentioned in this article take the bus refused to seat the case of white men, black student enrollment by Little Rock, Arkansas cases of discrimination, Greensboro, North Carolina, 4 black college students to buy food and beverage department store in Wolf rejected the case of coffee, and Harlem, New York area have been killed for no reason, a case of black youth, the famous black civil rights leader Malcolm Farm. Aike Si by a mob shooting, Martin. Luther. King assassination case, have become the civil rights movement an important opportunity to move forward. the civil rights movement by means of the organizers always lost no time in the case of each random to initiate social action, calling the people of conscience to protest against racial discrimination and unfair treatment and violence, persecution, and to promote the constitutional order and the rule of improvement and change, the end can be achieved through continuous cumulative effect of changes in the political system.
the shackles of the political system and the rule of law lag civil rights movement of Chinese social and political environment facing the United States much worse than the current year. but this does not mean that the useful experience of the U.S. civil rights movement, the Chinese can not learn. from the immediate public relations cases start to advance the interests of rights and the rule of law, is an effective path. It is gratifying that the Chinese human rights activist has accumulated some experience in this area, from the Sun Zhigang case in 2003, Huang Jing case, Sun Dawu case to the five provinces in 2004 to remove the corrupt officials, the case of private oil fields in 2005, the case of northern Shaanxi, Shandong Linyi family planning case, the case of Pastor Cai Zhuohua, Taishi case, attention, and many other events at home and abroad who are deeply involved activist. particularly Sun Zhigang case, the positive forces in the civil rights struggle, the final result in the government abolished the notorious decision detention and repatriation system.
Revelation Four: Note use of the existing political resources
I am is a kind of available political resources, particularly on civil rights and constitutional freedoms which this law, can become a weapon in the hands of defenders. Kim said: movement, to call for millions of blacks to exercise their right to vote. To this effort, some of our staff were the violence and arrests, but we will stick to it. We believe that we continue to enhance the removal action, the federal government to implement effective Legal work is also planned to promote the corresponding potential in required. a lot of management initiative is beneficial, and indeed the current Justice Department is also a direct action, concerned the sensitive areas of voter registration. But there is no doubt that the future also requires a period of widespread implementation of the Department of Justice Civil Rights Act of 1960, in thousands of communities seeking to court-appointed arbitrator, in these communities, the voting rights of blacks by the blatant cruelty of denial. federal law authority, must dominate the confrontational Southern Community's sin and wrongdoing, maintaining their supremacy. federal cause of action in the South change. there will always be some people insisted that congressional legislation, the Court's resolution of the administrative regulations issued by the Federal Government are not effective, because they can not change people's hearts. They argue that one can not be moral legislation. It is true that morality might not be by legislation, but it can be regulated behavior. While the law does not change people's minds, but it can restrain the behavior of careless nonsense. education and religion can change the internal bad attitude, however, legislation and court they can control the resolution of the external impact of bad internal attitudes. the federal court's decision will change the way transportation, the number of changes to education. As for people's habits mm mm is used, if not heart, nor is a change by the federal act. These major social change, but a cumulative power, it will constitute a change in the conditions of other areas of life.
the discussion from the gold, we learned that the existing Constitution, laws, regulations, procedures can not be resolved can not solve all problems or that many of the problems, but by no means a useless. These political resources can be used to fight for their rights as citizens of the tools. They can be converted into civil rights uprising basis, extended the right credentials, the Game of the tools the law, promote the rule of law and constitutional text device (as opposed to weapons, the title), education (domesticated) rulers of the material conditions of social change and the accumulation of chips.
existing political and legal resources are certainly very sound, such as the Constitution of certain so-called basic principles, legal provisions exist many missing, and even called , only through the tireless efforts of people to change step by step. And this does not affect our digging of available content from which, according to the struggle for legal and reasonable, and makes it easier to get the community (including the Communist Party liberal forces) the recognition and support.
like the recent case of Xuanbu suppress freedom of expression and press freedom in the bad behavior to the community has been the unanimous support of public opinion at home and abroad. Li Datong and deputy editor Lu Yuegang Although removal therefore be stricken, but they and the will never be buried, will be left in the Chinese press event in the history chapter, and give newcomers a great encouragement.
Revelation Five: the gradual formation of social forces and social movements, continued tireless efforts
U.S. civil rights movement of Martin. Luther. fellowships and .
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